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Accurate and applicable reference intervals can provide important information for disease diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and health monitoring. Age-dependent trends exist for many clinical laboratory indicators, and the interpretation of such indicators should consider the effect of age carefully. However, age-specific reference intervals have certain limitations in clinical application. Continuous reference intervals can not only help accurate interpretation of laboratory test results, but also provide a baseline value for dynamic monitoring of their changing trends. Based on the researches on pediatric reference intervals from our team, this paper introduces different algorithms for establishing continuous reference intervals, and their applicable conditions and implementation steps. The aim of this paper is to provide methodological guidance for the establishment of continuous reference intervals, so as to improve the quality of laboratory reports and the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in China.
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Cohort and case-control studies are important types of study design in clinical and epidemiological researches. Although they are both methods to study associations between an exposure and a disease, their core logic is completely different.In order to evaluate the association between an exposure and an outcome, cohort studies group the populations by the research factor (exposure or not), and compare the event rate of the outcome in exposure and control groups through follow-up. Cohort studies are sequential from cause to effect. On the contrary, case-control studies derive cause from effect. Case-control studies group the populations by the outcome (occurrence or not), and compare the distributions of the exposure in case and control groups through retrospective investigation or collection of exposure information from historical records. This paper declares the logic that should be followed in statistical analysis of these two types of studies, as well as the specifications that should be followed in formulating statistical analysis plans and reporting results. The aim of this paper is to enhance the scientific nature of the research and improve the readability of the literature.
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Objective:To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) in high-altitude population aged 18 years and over in Xining, Qinghai and establish the reference interval (RI) of IOP.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Xining, Qinghai Province at 2.271 km above sea level from September 2019 to May 2020.Ophthalmic examinations and IOP measurement were conducted among subjects from Physical Examination Center of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital.The subjects who had been living in Xining without leaving for three months were enrolled.Ophthalmic examinations included vision examination, IOP measurement, slit-lamp microscopy, fundus photography, anterior and posterior segment optical coherence tomography.IOP was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry under local anesthesia.Subjects with factors that could cause significant changes in IOP and affect the accuracy of IOP measurement, and those who were unable to receive IOP measurement were excluded.Subjects were grouped according to sex, age and ethnicity, and the distribution and RI of IOP were compared among all groups.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (No.TRECKY2017-024). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject.Results:A total of 6 120 subjects (6 120 eyes) aged 18-90 years old were enrolled, including 2 850 males and 3 270 females with average age of (45.54±13.85) years.The average IOP of high-altitude population in Xining, Qinghai Province was (14.32±1.93) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), with the RI of 10.54-18.10 mmHg.The average IOP was (14.42±1.98) mmHg in male with the RI of 10.54-18.30 mmHg, (14.23±1.88) mmHg in female with the RI of 10.55-17.91 mmHg.The IOP of male was higher than that of female ( t=3.71, P<0.001). The IOP of Han, Tibetan, Hui and other nationalities were (14.38±1.91), (13.93±2.06), (14.21±1.87), (13.94±1.95) mmHg, respectively, with a statistically significant overall difference ( F=6.73, P<0.001). The IOP of Han nationality was significantly higher than that of Tibetan, Hui and other nationalities, and the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.05). Conclusions:RI of IOP in high-altitude population from Xining, Qinghai is lower compared with normal altitude area.
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Objective:To analyze the public demands for information about congenital birth defects in “Baidu zhidao” based on word frequency retrieval.Methods:Based on discussion between obstetrics and gynecology experts and epidemiological experts, the key words related to congenital birth defects were determined and the search strategy was formulated. Python 2.7 was used for web crawler search. Questions related to congenital birth defects were obtained on the “Baidu zhidao” platform, and then the R 4.0.2 software was used to process the data, complete the semantic analysis of keywords and statistical analysis of word frequency, and draw word cloud graph and polar chart to describe the key results.Results:A total of 16668 non-repetitive questions were retrieved from “Baidu zhidao” platform, and the frequency of semantic words was 15 371. Among them, 35.02% were the names and symptoms of congenital birth defects. In addition, the frequency of congenital heart disease was the highest (26.09%). The results of subject analysis of key words of birth defects showed that the average word frequency of diagnosis and treatment semantic words (49.55) was significantly higher than that of etiology and prevention semantic words (12.47). In addition, the key words of examination, cause, treatment, development and heredity were more frequently used in the semantic words related to the seven types of systemic malformations.Conclusion:The public in China has a high demand for information on congenital birth defect related diseases, and their causes, prevention and treatment, especially congenital heart disease.
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During the outbreak and epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia, anesthesiologists are not only the high-risk group of secondary infection, but also undertake tasks to initiate clinical research so that the regular pattern of disease could be summarized, which will product clinical evidences for clinical decision-making and optimization of anesthesia therapy as soon as possible. The clinical research evidences of anaesthesia are of great importance for improving the prevention and control strategy of infectious diseases and implementing relevant measures effectively. The recommendations from the epidemiological perspective are provided on how to conduct clinical research on anesthesiology during epidemic of the novel coronavirus pneumonia in the present paper: (1) The case report and case series research should be initiated promptly once the infectious cases treated in anesthesia department are diagnosed; (2) To focus on need of evidence of decision-making of diagnosis and treatment, to summarize general rules timely and to promote the rapidly production of evidence; (3) To establish a special cohort of novel coronavirus pneumonia so that more prognosis studies could be carried out; (4) To explore the risk factors which result in hospital infection among medical staffs so that hospital infection could be controlled. The purpose of this study is to provide clinicians with methodological suggestions on how to carry out high-quality clinical research in the epidemic period of infectious diseases, and to close the gap between clinical and public health.
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Objective:To investigate the basic information and implementation of medical assistance for children of illness-caused poverty families.Methods:From March through September 2019, a customized questionnaire was used to collect by means of both field survey and on-site verification, the information of the sick children from such families registered on file from 17 counties in 6 provinces. These counties were the first to carry out the assistance pilot work under " Chinese Children Poverty Alleviation by Healthcare Program" . The data so acquired were subject to descriptive analysis.Results:A total of 312 questionnaires were recovered, and the median age of these child patients was 8.54 years. Diseases causing family poverty were mostly those in the circulatory system, nervous system, neoplastic disease of childhood and hematological disease, while unaffordability of medical bills ranked the top challenge when they seek medical services. Hierarchical diagnosis and treatment was made for 251 children: 193(76.89%)of them could be admitted to provincial or lower medical institutions, 43 children needed chronic disease management, and 15 children needed to be admitted by the National Children′s Medical Center for further diagnosis.Conclusions:The assistance for such families in poverty-stricken areas can be upgraded, by such means as disease prevention publicity and education, publicity of healthcare poverty alleviation policy awareness, improvement of medical competency of primary medical institutions and rational application of medical resources.
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This paper makes a comparative analysis on the research design types used in the original articles which were published in anesthesiology academic journals sponsored by the American Society of anesthesiologists, the International Anesthesiology Research Society and the Chinese Medical Association.It is suggested that clinical research on anesthesiology should be paid more attention in China.In terms of the theoretical strength of causal inference, randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the best type of research design.However, researchers should fully understand the key elements of the design and implementation of RCT and the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the international requirements for the transparency of RCT.Otherwise, RCT could not be applied rationally in the field of Anesthesiology.In addition, Anesthesiology and Anesthesia and Analgesia published more articles based on cohort studies than Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology, calling on Chinese anesthesiology peers to pay more attention to the cohort study, so as to lay a robust foundation for high-quality and systematic clinical research.Considering the reality of Anesthesiology in China, as well as being familiar with the basic principles of different research design types will help the anesthesiologists to attach equal importance to clinical and basic researches, to initiate high-quality observational researches, and to improve the quality of RCT, so as to produce more reliable research evidences, improve clinical practice ability, and effectively promote the development of anesthesiology.
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During the outbreak and epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), anesthesiologists are not only the high-risk group of secondary infection, but also undertake tasks to initiate clinical research so that the regular pattern of disease could be summarized, which will produce clinical evidences for clinical decision-making and optimization of anesthesia therapy as soon as possible.The clinical research evidences of anaesthesia are of great importance for improving the prevention and control strategy of infectious diseases and implementing relevant measures effectively.The recommendations from the epidemiological perspective are provided on how to conduct clinical research on anesthesiology during epidemic of the COVID-19 in the present paper: (1) The case report and case series research should be initiated promptly once the infectious cases treated in anesthesia department are diagnosed; (2)To focus on need of evidence of decision-making of diagnosis and treatment, to summarize general rules timely and to promote the rapidly production of evidence; (3) To establish a special cohort of COVID-19 so that more prognosis studies could be carried out; (4) To explore the risk factors which result in hospital infection among medical staffs so that hospital infection could be controlled.The purpose of this study is to provide clinicians with methodological suggestions on how to carry out high-quality clinical research in the epidemic period of infectious diseases, and to close the gap between clinical and public health.
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the selection of inhaled corticosteroids （ICS） in clinic. METHODS： A questionnaire survey was conducted among pediatricians from medical institutions of 11 provinces （districts， cities） to analyze the drug selection and reasons， dosage form selection [by comprehensive score （CS）] of 3 kinds of ICS as budesonide （BUD）， beclomethasone （BDP） and fluticasone （FP）， medication compliance and influential factors （by CS）. RESULTS： A total of 200 questionnaires were sent out， and 196 valid questionnaires were collected with effective rate of 98.00％. Pediatric clinicians preferred BUD as a control drug for asthma in children （158 cases， 80.61％）， followed by FP （22 cases， 11.22％） and BDP （2 cases， 1.02％） and the rest had no tendency （14 cases， 7.14％）. Clinicians who chose BUD mainly believed that the drug had better clinical efficacy， and was more recommended by guidelines and experts， more recognized by patients and so on. In addition， of all inhalation equipment for children asthma， pediatric clinicians believed that parents or children were more easier to master atomizer （CS： 4.04）， followed by pressurized metered dose inhalers （pMDI） （with spacer） （CS： 2.75）， pMDI （without spacer） （CS： 1.71）， dry powder inhalers （DPI） （turbuhaler） （CS： 1.46） and DPI （accuhaler） （CS： 1.08）. For the evaluation of patients’ medication compliance， 48 （24.49％）， 88 （44.90％）， 58 （29.59％） pediatricians thought that the actual administration accounted for ＜50％， 50％-74％， 75％-99％ of the medical order dosages， respectively. Only 2 （1.02％） subjects thought that the patients would fully obey. The main factors affecting children’s medication compliance were worrying about side effects of long-term medication （CS： 9.19）， drug withdrawal after improvement （CS： 8.16）， and children’s treatment incompatibility （CS： 7.82）. CONCLUSIONS： Pediatricians tend to choose BUD as drug for asthma control， and atomizer is treated as the easiest inhalation equipment for children. At the same time， pediatricians have low evaluation on the medication compliance of parents and children.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of an emollient containing Prinsepia utilis Royle oil extracts and other extracts on clinical symptoms and disease recurrence in children aged 2-12 years with atopic dermatitis (AD) in the remission period.Methods A multicenter,randomized,parallel-group,controlled clinical trial was conducted from December 2017 to September 2018.A total of 297 children aged 2-12 years with moderate AD were enrolled from 5 hospitals in China,and randomly divided into the test group (148 cases) and control group (149 cases).In the acute stage,the two groups were both topically treated with mometasone furoate cream once a day on the skin lesions,and with an emollient containing Prinsepia utilis Royle oil extracts and other extracts twice a day throughout the whole body for 2-4 weeks.The children would be enrolled into the remission stage if their Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score was ≤ 1 at following visits.In the remission stage,the test group was only topically treated with the emollient twice a day throughout the whole body,while mometasone furoate cream and the emollient were both withdrawn in the control group.At weeks 4,8 and 12 in the remission stage,the recurrence of AD,eczema area and severity index (EASI),children's dermatology life quality index (CDQOL) and adverse events were evaluated.Statistical analysis was carried out with SAS 9.4 software by using t test for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups,chi-square test for comparison of unordered categorical data,Kaplan-Meier method for analysis of survival rates,Cox regression analysis for evaluating the effect of different therapies on AD recurrence in children in the remission stage,and Logistic regression analysis for analysis of odds ratio (OR) of EASI or CDQOL at week 4 in the remission stage between the test group and control group.Results Of the 297 children with AD,31 breached the clinical trial protocol,and 266 were included in the per protocol set (PPS),including 132 in the test group and 134 in the control group.In the PPS,114 and 106 patients completed the follow-up in the test group and control group respectively,and the recurrence rate was significantly lower in the test group (47,41.23％) than in the control group (84,79.25％;x2 =32.96,P ＜ 0.001).The time to recurrence was significantly longer in the test group(61.99 d ± 2.80 d)than in the control group(39.17 d ± 2.54 d,t =6.03,P ＜ 0.001),and the recurrence risk was significantly lower in the test group than in the control group (Log rank test,x2 =32.02,P ＜ 0.001).After adjustment for age and gender,Cox regression analysis showed that the recurrence risk in the test group was 0.35 times that in the control group (HR =0.35,95％ CI:0.24-0.51,P ＜ 0.01).At week 4 in the remission stage,the EASI score at P50-P75 and P75-P100 in the test group were 0.42,0.25 times that in the control group respectively (95％ CI:0.20-0.86,0.12-0.54 respectively;P =0.02,＜ 0.01respectively).Moreover,the CDQOL score at P75-P100 in the test group was 0.33 times that in the control group (95％ CI:0.17-0.65,P ＜ 0.01).No significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Maintenance treatment with the emollient containing Prinsepia utilis Royle oil extracts and other extracts can markedly reduce the recurrence risk in AD children,improve clinical symptoms,and enhance the quality of life.
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Objective To explore the significance of the initial clinical symptoms and clinical manifestations of neuroblastoma(NB)to achive early identification of NB. Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients diagnosed with NB,who attended the Hematology Oncology Center,Beijing Childrenˊs Hospital from March 31st ,2007 to March 31st,2015. The clinical characteristics were compared between the children 〈1_year_old and≥1_year_old. The result was analyzed to compare the difference in clinical symptoms and tumor biologic characteristics of patients with different initial clinical symptoms between 2 groups. Results A total of 330 patients were included in the study,43 of them were younger than 1 year old,and their most common symptoms were cough and fever( each 17 cases,and accounted for 39. 5%,respectively);while the most common symptoms in patients≥1_year_old(287 cases)was fe_ver(177 cases,61. 7%),followed by lymphadenopathy(107 cases,37. 3%),bone pain(97 cases,33. 8%)and anemia (48 cases,16. 7%). The frequency of symptoms differed significantly between 2 groups(all P〈0. 05),such as fever (39. 5% vs. 61. 7%,χ2 ﹦6. 68),anemia(4. 7% vs. 16. 7%,χ2 ﹦6. 00),bone pain(0 vs. 33. 8%,χ2 ﹦18. 99),abdo_minal pain(0 vs. 25. 3%,χ2 ﹦10. 19),diarrhea(16. 3% vs. 3. 0%,χ2 ﹦12. 73),lymphadenopathy(7. 0% vs. 37. 3%, χ2 ﹦14. 12)and anorexia(9. 3% vs. 33. 4%,χ2 ﹦9. 21). Datients had fever,anemia,lymphadenopathy,cutaneous hemorrhagic spot or periorbital ecchymosis,bone pain,abdominal pain,exophthalmos,and anorexia early in the initial course of the disease,whose serum lactate dehydrogenase values were significantly increased(P〈0. 05). Datients suf_fered from fever,anemia,lymphadenopathy,bone pain,limbs dysfunctions,abdominal pain at the beginning of the disease,whose urine vanillymandelic acid values were higher than normal(P〈0. 05). Conclusions The study of sympto_mology suggests the most common symptoms in patients with NB 〈1_year_old are cough and fever,while those ≥1_year_old are fever,lymphadenopathy,bone pain,and anemia. Por patients with symptoms mentioned,carrying out the necessary NB_diagnose_related laboratory and imaging studies was statistically relevant to patientsˊ ages(〈1_year_old and≥1_year_old),which may contribute to earlier identification and diagnosis of NB.
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Our study aimed to amplify and explain the items of statistical reporting requirements proposed by medical journals,and to improve the statistical repotting quality of medical articles.Statistical reporting requirements were obtained from the reporting standards published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE),the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency of Health Research (EQUATOR) network,and the editorial board of Chinese Medical Journal,etc.The items involved in statistical reporting requirements were summarized as issues of study design,statistical analysis,and interpretation of results.Each item was amplified based on cases of original articles.It is noticeable that the statistical reporting requirements of English medical journals generally referring to guidance documents,including "Recommendations for the conduct,reporting,editing,and publication of scholarly work in medical journals" proposed by the ICMJE,or the statements for different study types published by the EQUATOR network,where the statistical reporting of medical articles had been detailed specified.The statistical reporting requirements of Chinese medical journals,however,were usually stated by the editorial boards.Although the formats and contents of statistical analysis had been regulated,the requirements of Chinese medical journals were to some extent insufficient and should be enhanced in accordance with the intemational standards.In conclusion,the amplification and explanation of statistical reporting requirements were expected to help investigators understand the requirements for statistical reporting in medical researches,so as to effectively improve the quality of medical articles.
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Our study aimed to amplify and explain the items of statistical reporting requirements proposed by medical journals,and to improve the statistical repotting quality of medical articles.Statistical reporting requirements were obtained from the reporting standards published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE),the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency of Health Research (EQUATOR) network,and the editorial board of Chinese Medical Journal,etc.The items involved in statistical reporting requirements were summarized as issues of study design,statistical analysis,and interpretation of results.Each item was amplified based on cases of original articles.It is noticeable that the statistical reporting requirements of English medical journals generally referring to guidance documents,including "Recommendations for the conduct,reporting,editing,and publication of scholarly work in medical journals" proposed by the ICMJE,or the statements for different study types published by the EQUATOR network,where the statistical reporting of medical articles had been detailed specified.The statistical reporting requirements of Chinese medical journals,however,were usually stated by the editorial boards.Although the formats and contents of statistical analysis had been regulated,the requirements of Chinese medical journals were to some extent insufficient and should be enhanced in accordance with the intemational standards.In conclusion,the amplification and explanation of statistical reporting requirements were expected to help investigators understand the requirements for statistical reporting in medical researches,so as to effectively improve the quality of medical articles.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of two-site blood cultures on detection rate in pediatric patients.Methods The data were retrospectively analyzed of 1 985 hospitalized children with blood cultures from January 2013 to February 2015 in Department of Infectious Diseases,Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University,including blood culture collection,the administration of antibiotics prior to obtaining blood cultures and positive condition of blood culture.It was divided into 3 stages according to blood culture collection.Blood culture of a single bottle referred to the blood culture in an aerobic bottle.Double bottles transition stage referred to two blood samples taken from the same skin puncture point and the aerobic bottle culture was carried out at the same time.Two-site blood cultures referred to two blood samples taken from the different skin puncture point and the aerobic bottle culture was carried out at the same time.The interval time between the two blood cultures should be less than 5 minutes.The positive rates of three stages were analyzed by Pearson x2 test.The change tendency of positive rates in three stages were analyzed by Cochran-Armitage test.Bilateral P ＜ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference in all test analysis.Results More than 80％ of the children in the three stages were given antibiotics.There was no significant difference in the true positive rate (x2 =1.343,P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the change tendency of positive rates (P ＞ 0.05).False-positive strains were common for coagulase-negative staphylococci.In terms of false positive rate,blood culture of single bottle was higher than two-site blood culture (x2 =6.051,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion For children (non-neonates),two-site blood cultures can reduce the false positive rate of blood culture and play a role in distinguishing between true positives and false positives in blood culture.
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Objective To improve substantially the prediction accuracy of histopathology subgroup through combined analysis of clinical and biological features,and accordingly build a decision tree to predict the histopathology subgroup in intermediate and high - risk neuroblastoma. Methods A total of 62 intermediate and high - risk neuro-blastoma patients were included retrospectively in this study,who received chemotherapy and surgery at Beijing Chil-dren's Hospital (BCH),Capital Medical University between January 2015 and January 2017. The fin-dings of urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA),and homovanillic acid (HVA),serum neuron - specific enolase (NSE),lactate dehy-drogenase (LDH)and ferritin,ultrasound,CT,MRI,positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET -CT),bone marrow aspiration and biopsy,MYCN gene,and histopathology were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed by using SAS 9. 4. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were con-ducted to select potentially useful characteristics for prediction. Based on the results of Logistic regression analysis,a classification tree was developed to predict histopathology subgroup. Results To identify the characteristics related to histopathology,tumor markers and six clinico - pathologic factors were evaluated by univariate analysis. The results showed that unfavorable histopathology(UH)was more frequently associated with bone marrow metastasis,older age,as well as higher serum NSE,ferritin and LDH levels. The result of multivariate analysis showed that age and NSE were significant independent predictors of histopathology. The adjusted odds ratio(OR)of NSE and age was 33. 2 and 13. 0, respectively. The area under the receiver - operating - characteristic (AUC)of the prediction mo-del was 0. 889. The sensitivity and specificity were 91. 90％ and 76. 00％,respectively. Furthermore,to provide a visua-lization of the sig-nificant predictors found by Logistic regression analysis,a decision tree was developed for predicating of histopathology. Conclusions Age and NSE are significant independent predictors of histopathology subgroup. The decision tree based on age and NSE can help to predict the histopathology subgroup in intermediate and high - risk neuroblastoma effective-ly.
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Objective@#To investigate the characteristics of sleep-related respiratory events in normal children and to provide normal polysomnographic parameters for diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing in children.@*Methods@#Normal subjects between 3 and 14 years old were enrolled from 1 July 2014 to 31 December 2015 and the subjects received overnight polysomnography at the sleep center of our hospital. They were children of our hospital employees or were recruited from the communities who did not have sleep and respiratory disorders. The children were divided into preschool group (3-5 years) and school-age group (6-14 years). Apnea index (AI), obstructive apnea index (OAI), central apnea index (CAI), and mixed apnea index (MAI) were compared between the two groups. Data for continuous variables that showed normal distribution were expressed as ±s. M(P25, P75) were used when data were not normally distributed. Continuous variables that showed normal distribution were compared by using an independent-sample t-test. Wilcoxon-test was performed when data exhibited non-normal distribution. Differences in categorical data were tested with Chi-square test. Pearson correlation test was applied for the correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*Results@#A total of 115 normal children took part in the study including 40 in preschool group and 75 in school-age group. Children in both groups had a few sleep apnea events, most of which were central apneas, accounting for 80% and 70% of the total respiratory events respectively. Central apnea index in preschool children were significantly higher than that of school-age children (P<0.001), with median of 0.6 times/h and 0.1 times/h, respectively. Median OAI of both groups were 0.0 times/h without significant difference (P=0.748). Obstructive apnea events occurred mainly in the supine position in both groups.@*Conclusions@#Normal children may have a few apnea events in sleep that were predominantly central apnea. CAI of preschool children is significantly higher than that of school-age children. Obstructive sleep apnea is rare in normal children, and sleep apnea occurs mainly in the supine position.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chushizhiyang ointment for the treatment of mild atopic dermatitis in infants.Methods A multicenter,randomized,open,active-controlled clinical trial was conducted.A total of 204 infants with atopic dermatitis were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups to be topically treated with Chushizhiyang ointment (test group,n =103) and hydrocortisone butyrate cream (control group,n =101),respectively,for 2 weeks.The improvement of eczema area and severity index (EASI) scores and quality of life was evaluated at 7 days and 14 days after the treatment,so was the incidence of adverse events and adverse reactions.Results Ninety-eight infants in the test group and 101 in the control group were included in the full analysis set,which revealed that the disease severity significantly decreased after the treatment in both groups.The EASI scores at the baseline and on days 7 and 14 were 2.47 ± 4.04,0.92 ± 1.25 and 0.39 ± 1.04 respectively in the test group,as well as 2.13 ± 2.01,0.85 ± 1.58 and 0.45 ± 1.65 respectively in the control group.Furthermore,the test group and control group both showed that EASI scores on days 7 and 14 significantly decreased compared with those at the baseline (the test group:T =-1 666,-1 793,respectively,both P ＜ 0.001;the control group:T =-1 951,-1 941,respectively,both P ＜ 0.001).No significant differences in EASI scores at the baseline or on days 7 and 14 were observed between the test group and control group (all P ＞ 0.05).The response rates in the test group and control group were 47.96％ (47/98) and 55.44％ (56/101) respectively on day 7,as well as 79.59％ (78/98) and 84.16％ (85/101) respectively on day 14,and there were also no significant differences between the two groups (both P ＞ 0.05).The adverse reactions mainly manifested as erythema,itching and scaling in the test group,as well as hypopigmentation,telangiectasia,scaling and hyperpigmentation in the control group.No significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was found between the test group (2.9％,3/103) and control group (6.9％,7/101).Conclusion Chushizhiyang ointment shows definite efficacy for mild atopic dermatitis in infants with good safety and tolerability,and can be a teatment option for mild atopic dermatitis in infants.
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Objective:This thesis aims to construct the evaluation index system ethics management in Beijing medical institutions for application research.Method:The author applied the evaluation system which was agreed and adjusted by expert groups in four medical and health institutions.Result:After three rounds of expert groups have reached the agreement,the Evaluation Index System on Human Research Ethics Management in Beijing Medi-cal Institutions is established,which contains 6 first-class indicators,16 second-class indicators and 39 third-class indicators.The application on four medical and health institutions show that the evaluation index system is practical,operable and is of high degree of distinction.Conclusion:The evaluation index system is scientific,rea-sonable,practical and is of high degree of validity,credibility and distinction.
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The pediatric reference intervals in clinical laboratory play an important role in diagnosis of illness,therapeutic monitoring,prediction of prognosis and health evaluation.Compared with establishing reference interval for adults,there are more challenges to establish pediatric reference intervals.Therefore,the procedure and key technologies of direct method and indirect method are stated based on the characteristics of children population and pediatric,by which to define,transfer and validate pediatric reference intervals.This study will provide systematically methodological ideas for clinical laboratories to establish pediatric reference intervals.
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Objective To understand drug resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)after antiretroviral therapy(ART).Methods Articles about drug resistance in HIV/AIDS patients after ART were retrieved from Wangfang data,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and PubMed. Meta analysis were performed.Results 15 articles (1 English and 14 Chinese) were extracted,quality score of 3,4,and 8 articles was 6,7,and 8 respectively. Heterogeneity of the included stud-ies showed the difference was significant (Q= 45.98,P<0.001),there was heterogeneity,random-effects models was conducted for Meta analysis,which revealed that the overall drug resistance rate in HIV/AIDS patients in China was 4% (4% -5% );Begg's test showed that P= 0.012,there was publication bias. After articles were excluded through sensitivity analysis,the combined effect was still 4% (4% -5% ).Conclusion The overall drug resistance rate in Chinese HIV/AIDS patients after ART is not high.